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Multi-component signalling in turtles and squamate reptiles
Brejcha, Jindřich ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Rehák, Ivan (referee) ; Carazo, Pau (referee)
Multicomponent signals are complex stimuli directed to receptors of only single modality. Colourful ornaments of animals are multicomponent signals. In this thesis I present results of studies on the origin of coloration in turtles and squamate reptiles together with notes on relativistic view of the functionality of animal coloration. The results show that turtle coloration, which have been studied only marginally until now, is shaped by sexual selection. It is shown that turtles share mechanisms of coloration by vertical organization of different pigment cell types together with squamate reptiles. Turtles also produce colour by organization of collagen fibres which share trait with birds and mammals. Mechanisms of body coloration differ dramatically between closely related turtle species studied even though the individual constituting components are shared among these species. On the example of polymorphic lizards, it is shown that qualitative categorical difference between groups of individuals of the same population are maintained based on quantitative changes in pigment contents regulated by ancient loci shared by different species. The turtles and reptiles are valuable source of our knowledge on the evolution of multicomponent visual signalling due to their intriguing composition of skin....
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Environmental influences on the shape of ultraviolet signals in genus Gonepteryx (Lepidoptera, Pieridae).
Pecháček, Pavel ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Zapletalová, Lenka (referee) ; Vrabec, Vladimír (referee)
Like many other animals, butterflies are able to visually perceive the ultraviolet (UV) light; many species even have patterns on their wings which are visible in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the last forty years, it has been shown that these UV patterns play an important role in behaviour of many butterflies, especially in relation to sexual selection - they are involved in the process of recognising a suitable mate, and likely can signal some of the mate's qualities, such as its age, ability to handle stressful environmental factors, or efficiency in foraging. The patterns may also be used for taxonomical purposes. This dissertation thesis contains a comprehensive research into ultraviolet patterns of the Gonepteryx brimstones, with a primary focus on the issue of environmental influences in relation to the expression of these traits, on the patterns' potential role in sexual selection, or on their evolution. It has been successfully demonstrated that UV patterns of at least some Gonepteryx species are affected by the environment to a strong degree, significantly more than the traits not involved in sexual selection. On the whole, the conclusions made by submitted publications suggest that UV patterns play a role in the sexual selection of the chosen brimstones, though it is not clear...
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Mechanisms and effectiveness of antipredatory defences within red-and-black mimetic complex
Kotlíková, Lucie ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Baňař, Petr (referee)
Strikingly coloured species can form mimetic complexes. One of them is an extensive black-and-red mimetic complex in the Palearctic region. It consists of representatives across arthropod taxa with different levels of defense and investment in it. To describe individual mimetic relationships in this complex, it is necessary to know the effectiveness of these defense mechanisms against predators. Reactions of individual predators vary considerably. Differences in reactions primarily depend on the ability to perceive some components of defense, using sensory and cognitive abilities. Mechanisms and effectiveness of antipredatory defence are the subject of numerous studies, but there is still a lack of description of some mechanisms among many representatives forming this mimetic complex. For this reason, further studies are needed to allow the derivation of mimetic relationships prevailing in this mimetic complex in the future. Keywords: mimicry, aposematism, antipredatory defense, colouration, mimetic complex
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Genetická analýza zbarvení u huculských koní zařazených do genetického zdroje
Karbusická, Alžběta
In this work, MC1R, ASIP and TBX3 gene were tested on a sample of 118 Hucul horse mares included in Genetic Resources of Animals in the Czech Republic. We want to determine the genetic structure of mares and to analyse phenotypic data compared to the genotype and to identify possible differences between it. Genetic analysis showed a solid state for all alleles (HW for ASIP P = 0.9360, for MC1R P = 0.1661 and for TBX3 P = 0.4444). The frequency of the allele was as follows: E (0.6780), A (0.5254), and (0.4746), d2 (0.4323), d1 (0.3542), e (0.3220) D (0.2135). The most common genotype was AaEed1d2 and AaEEd1d2. There were very few or no genotypes based on recessive homozygotes in the genes of basic coat colours in the population, we didn´t identify any individual with genotype AaEed1d1. We have publicised genotype dependence within the TBX3 gene with primitive markings, confirming the previous work of other. Alele D was always associated with the occurrence of primitive markings, but primitive markings occur even without allele D in coincidence with the d1 allele. The d2d2 genotype is associated with a phenotype without primitive markings, or with phenotype where we can´t say if the horse has primitive markings or not.
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Štúdium variability sekvencie v géne MC1R u rôznych druhov zvierat
Dolnáková, Lenka
Colouration is an important phenotypic trait of animals and plays a substantial role in the characteristics of individual animal species. The MC1R gene has an essential role in colouration. This thesis is focused on the study of sequence variability in this gene and subsequent phylogram formation in selected species, which are: Bos Primigenius Taurus, Sus Scrofa, Equus Caballus and Canis Lupus Familiaris. There were custom primers designed in Oligo for the selected exon sequence. Based on se-quencing, known polymorphisms in Canis Lupus Familiaris and Equus Caballus were detected. In Canis Lupus Familiaris sequence, there was a 790 A>G polymorphism. All of N sequenced samples (N = 10) carried the E (790AA) allele. In Equus Caballus se-quence, there was a 901 C>T polymorphism, with representatives of all genotypes nEE(901CC) = 2, nEe(901CT) = 2, nee(901TT) = 6. The thesis also provides a comprehensive overview of the phylogenetic tree for-mation process. For phylogenetic analysis, there were added sequences from other ani-mal species, gained from freely available genomic databases. The reconstruction took place in the MEGA X program with selected distance and sign methods. Only nodes with bootstrap support ≥ 70 could be interpreted. JC69 and HKY85 models were cho-sen as substitution models. The choice of models was statistically supported by testing likelihood in the Model Generator with P < 0,0001 support. The trees obtained by par-ticular methods were compared by the Pearson correlation coefficient.
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Mimicry of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the context of selection pressures from predators, thermoregulation and sexual selection
Daňková, Klára ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Pekár, Stanislav (referee)
Thermoregulation plays an important role in organisms' lives during foraging, escaping from predators, sexual selection or overwintering. Moreover, pressure on efficient thermoregulation could affect species on an evolutionary level and was recently hypothesized to maintain imperfect mimicry in hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae). We set these two aims: 1) to study relationships between thermoregulation, mimicry accuracy and resembled model, 2) to closely study effect of developmental temperature in an intermediately accurate honeybee mimic, Eristalis tenax. In the first part of the project, we examined temperature excess of 566 specimens in 47 species of hoverflies in the field. We did not find significant effect of mimicry accuracy on temperature excess in our data. However, we found a strong sexual dimorphism. Females had lower temperature excess, which was very resilient to internal and external factors, whereas males had higher temperature excess, influenced by activity at time of capture (flying > sitting) and resembled model (bumblebee-mimics > honeybee- mimics > wasp-mimics > solitary bee-mimics). We suggest, that males are pushed to higher temperature excess by sexual selection within lekking. In the second part of the project, we reared E. tenax in three different temperatures in laboratory...
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Multi-component signalling in turtles and squamate reptiles
Brejcha, Jindřich ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Rehák, Ivan (referee) ; Carazo, Pau (referee)
Multicomponent signals are complex stimuli directed to receptors of only single modality. Colourful ornaments of animals are multicomponent signals. In this thesis I present results of studies on the origin of coloration in turtles and squamate reptiles together with notes on relativistic view of the functionality of animal coloration. The results show that turtle coloration, which have been studied only marginally until now, is shaped by sexual selection. It is shown that turtles share mechanisms of coloration by vertical organization of different pigment cell types together with squamate reptiles. Turtles also produce colour by organization of collagen fibres which share trait with birds and mammals. Mechanisms of body coloration differ dramatically between closely related turtle species studied even though the individual constituting components are shared among these species. On the example of polymorphic lizards, it is shown that qualitative categorical difference between groups of individuals of the same population are maintained based on quantitative changes in pigment contents regulated by ancient loci shared by different species. The turtles and reptiles are valuable source of our knowledge on the evolution of multicomponent visual signalling due to their intriguing composition of skin....
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Environmental influences on the shape of ultraviolet signals in genus Gonepteryx (Lepidoptera, Pieridae).
Pecháček, Pavel ; Kleisner, Karel (advisor) ; Zapletalová, Lenka (referee) ; Vrabec, Vladimír (referee)
Like many other animals, butterflies are able to visually perceive the ultraviolet (UV) light; many species even have patterns on their wings which are visible in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the last forty years, it has been shown that these UV patterns play an important role in behaviour of many butterflies, especially in relation to sexual selection - they are involved in the process of recognising a suitable mate, and likely can signal some of the mate's qualities, such as its age, ability to handle stressful environmental factors, or efficiency in foraging. The patterns may also be used for taxonomical purposes. This dissertation thesis contains a comprehensive research into ultraviolet patterns of the Gonepteryx brimstones, with a primary focus on the issue of environmental influences in relation to the expression of these traits, on the patterns' potential role in sexual selection, or on their evolution. It has been successfully demonstrated that UV patterns of at least some Gonepteryx species are affected by the environment to a strong degree, significantly more than the traits not involved in sexual selection. On the whole, the conclusions made by submitted publications suggest that UV patterns play a role in the sexual selection of the chosen brimstones, though it is not clear...
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UV signs in coloration of common leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)
Baranová, Veronika ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Veselý, Petr (referee)
The presence of ultraviolet patterns on body, as well as perception of ultraviolet spectrum by special photoreceptors, is part of sensory ecology of many animal species, including reptiles. Most current research discusses the importance of ultraviolet signs in coloration of diurnal species. The aim of our study was to find out what character have the reflective signs in ultraviolet spectrum in overall coloration of common leopard gecko (Eubplepharis macularius) through a digital photography. The reflective pattern is present in both adults and juveniles and passes as well as the rest of the coloration by significant ontogenetic changes. Another aim was to evaluate the role of ultraviolet reflecting signs in the biology of this crepuscular-nocturnal species. We expect that the pattern contributes to their antipredatory strategies during their first few months of life, and also a white reflecting surface is preserved in adulthood, especially on their tail, which is differently coloured than the rest of the body.
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